Introduction To Cultural Anthropology Religion Essay

Introduction To Cultural Anthropology Religion Essay 1. Sorcery vs. witchcraft; ? almost identical terms as both use the magic spells, mystical or paranormal means to harness occult forces to produce desired results. Ideally speaking, persons pursuing witchcraft do not aim at producing evil results. Somehow the term sorcery is used pejoratively to denote the use of supernatural powers to produce unnatural and negative course of events. [0 Source: http://www.witchcraft.com.au/witchcraft-and-sorcery.html] sorcery -can be learnt and practiced by anyone, use of materilas to invoke supernatural powers to harm people. witchcraft- is considered to result from inherent mystical powers and is practiced by invisible means. No use of materials rather harm through use of T supernatural means, but through emotions and thought alone. [0 Source: http://www.witchcraft.com.au/witchcraft-and-sorcery.html] 2. Animism, ? is the absence of any belief in god, rather, belief that people have souls or spirits in addition to physical, visible bodies [0 Source: http://quizlet.com/dictionary/animism/] 3. Polytheism,? is the belief of multiple deities also usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses, along with their own mythologies and rituals. Lead to rise in religious class which holds special powers for the devine legitimacy. Usually the religious follows through hereditary. [0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism] 4. Monotheism; ? the belief in the existence of one god, one supreme. Religious power usually only under hands of religious class. 5. Magic; ? ? System of supernatural beliefs which leads to manipulation of the forces. Usually for specific purpose such as protection from illness, misfortune, natural evens, and cure and even prevent illness from occurring. Usually individually oriented, and practiced at irregular times- in times of need. 2. Short essays (one/two paragraphs): IN YOUR OWN WORDS, respond to any TWO of the following questions. Illustrate with examples. There is no need for citations. Please make sure to copy down the question in your paper in its entirety, bold it, and then follow it with your response. (10 points) 1. Define ritual and the sacred. What functions do formal rituals play in society? How about the sacred? Illustrate with examples. 2. Define Rites of Passage. What are their functions in society? Who are the main anthropologists who discuss it? What are the different stages of a rite of passage? Illustrate with an example. How do the stages of a Rite of Passage apply to your example? A ritual event that marks a person s progress from one status to another, usually shows anthropologist what s important for a certain culture, usually in a ceremony form surrounded events such as puberty, coming of age, marriage, and deaths. Some examples of rites of passage for religion are baptism, confirmations, which are important to certain religions. This Idea of Rites of passage was introduced by Arnold van Gennep, as first introduced the idea of the transitional phase between childhood and full inclusion into a social group. According to Gennep it has three phases, the Separation, transition and Re-incorporation phases. In the first state its the withdraw from current status as you prepare to more from one status to another, usually symbolized by detachment of a individual or group to symbolize the cutting away from your old self. The second state is the period between the old stage and new stage, also the most dangerous. You haven t entered the new stage but already left the old stage. The threshold. And the thirdstage is the re-incorporation where you are not defined as a new person through a new stage. You completed your duty and are ready to reeneter the world as a new person, which can be symbolized by a ring, belt, crown, or anything else. An example of this idea if graduation, the seperation stage is when you are separated from your family and on stage. The inbetween stage is when you are actually standing up but have not yet gotten your diploma this is the threshold- your not a graduate yet but at the same time you are no longer a student. and the reincorporation is when you sit back down as a college graduate and go back with your family no longer on stage. 3. Discuss the difference between illegal alien and undocumented worker as discussed by Leo Chavez in Shadowed Lives. When you normally think of someone who is an illegal alien and an undocumented worker its usually the same idea. according to Chavez in Shadowed lives these two are different concepts when it comes to immigrants. On page 15 Chavez defines the undocumented immigrants- when speaking of individuals who have crossed the border illegally, without the consent of the INS, and who reside in the United States. so in simple terms they are immigrants with out documents from the INS. One the other hand the idea Illegal Alien is defines as the legality of undocumented immigrants presence in the United States. They are not legitimate members of the community. They are rather outsiders, but actually they are the same thing as an undocumented worker just with a negative connotation. And missed qualities due to the words alien- outsiders. Both illegal aliens and undocumented workers do the same act just one is followed with negative connotation with the names illegal and a alien. 3. Long Essay (5 paragraphs/sections). Answer any ONE of the following. Remember to structure your response in a five paragraph/sections format (Introduction, three body paragraphs/sections, conclusion). Always start by defining your terms. Illustrate your response with examples, materials from readings, lectures, and class discussions. For question 1, you are expected to reference/cite at least three sources from your readings. For questions 2 and 3, you are expected to reference at least three examples. Remember to include a bibliography at the end of your essay. (25 points) 1. Define religion. How do anthropologists approach religion? What are some of the common cross-cultural features of religion? How do anthropologists classify religious forms? What are the main types found around the world? What are the main functions in society? Lastly, in your conclusion, discuss whether you think religion hinders or encourages social change. Illustrate with ethnographic evidence and materials from class discussion and readings. Religion is a term that is used by anthropologists in order to define a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful and long lasting moods, formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothes with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivation seem uniquely realistic (Geertz). In reality the definition of religion is one that is difficult to distinguish from social institutions since there are different rituals for each religion and some ideas can be religion for some but not for others. This is where boundaries usually get blurred and non-existent, therefore unable to have a definite religion. Anthropologists usually look at the idea of religion to view the hierarchy of a culture as well as to compare and contrast different cultures and their beliefs. One of the common cross-cultural features of religious if the idea of the supernatural ideology. The supernatural is the idea that tends to be in every culture just in different ways. But usually related to two forms the non-human and the human origin. The Nonhuman origin is the Gods whom are named different personalities. The other form is spirits- these are unnamed supernatural beings of non-human origin who are beneath the gods in prestige and often closer to the people, these can be evil, helpful and even mischievous. The Human origin of supernatural beings is Ghosts whom were once human since they are the souls of the dead people. As well as ancestral spirits whom are the ghosts of dead relatives. The way that we interact with the supernatural seems to be different depending on the culture; this can be by prayer, physiological experience, simulations, feasts, as well as sacrifices of animals or other things. The main parts of religion that anthropologists look at are cults which are forms of religions that have heir own set of beliefs, rituals, and goals (Ferraro) which vary from Individualistic, which have no religious specialists but rather each person has a personal calling/relationship with the spirit. Followed by the Shamanistic cults, which are part time religious specialists who have supernatural powers by either birth or training. This is where all contemporary societies have their own method of a shaman. The roles that one has is a healer, fortune telling in exchange for gifts, and possesses the power to control spirits, and prevent them from causing harm. Followed by Communal Cult- which as an elaborate set of beliefs, where groups of people conduct religious functions on behalf of community, Such as rites of passage or rites of solidarity (Gennep). The last cult that is followed by anthropologists is the Ecclesiastical cults, which are monotheistic, or polytheistic religions, with full time professional clergy, who is either elected of appointed. With these cults women are usually not associated with this class. Usually consisting of a hierarchy between the clergy and the lay people, where the clergy are the ritual managers who are active and the lay people whom are passive. The main types of religions in the world have Christian fundamentalism, which have increased over the past decades, with the influence of public national and international policies. These usually restrict scientific and technological innovations. The second type is the Islamic fundamentalism and the religious nationalism where the movements to merge religions are in the hands of governmental institutions and leaders. As well as globalization by the western societies seen as a threat, which lead to safety of religion but rather brought in more restrictions. In conclusion I think that religion actually encourages social change because we are always finding new ways of defining our world, we always have people that are fighting against religious beliefs, therefore the longer we have it the more of a threat it will be and the more things that religious talks about will be debunked. We are seeing religion as being an essential part of life but its always resulting a a change in society for the better or for the worse, with different people falling under different categories of Atheism, polytheistic and monotheistic, due to new findings. Therefore religious is actually encouraging change not stopping change from occurring. You always have people that actually believe once again or those that believe in more than one god, or those that completely lost hope in religious due to new studies. > C. Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, in Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion , ed. M. Banton (London: Tavistock, 1966): 1-46 > Gennep, van Arnold, Rites of passage. 1960. > Ferraro, Chapter 12 Part 1, Supernatural Beliefs. Powerpoint- Religion and Magic.

Hercules in Popular Culture

Hercules For my research paper I chose to explore and analyze instances of the great Greek/Roman hero, Heracles (Hercules), appearing in popular culture and the effect his myths had on early civilizations. Considered by most to be the greatest of the Greek folk heroes, Hercules was the embodiment of masculinity and physical power. The word â€Å"herculean† literally translates into â€Å"having enormous strength, courage, or size† (dictionary. com. ) Since their inception, the myths and legends of Hercules have been immensely popular and have had vast influences on people and cultures throughout the world.Over the next few pages I will attempt to compare and contrast several examples of Hercules’ representation in pop culture with the underlying myths that are being depicted. I will also piece in the undeniable influence these myths have had on people throughout history. First, however, I would like to start by giving a little bit of background information on the hero known as Hercules. Hercules was born as the son of Zeus and a beautiful mortal woman named Alcmene, in the Greek city of Thebes. Due to his father’s divinity, Hercules was given the gift of extraordinary physical strength and courage.From the beginning, the events of his life were shaped by the wrath of the goddess Hera, who scorned the boy that was a reminder of her husband’s infidelity. As he matured he faced countless tasks and hardships, but through his victories he forever glorified himself in ancient literature. The stories of Hercules had quite a large impact on the early Greeks. Some, such as the ancient Spartans, believed they were descendants of the great hero and strived to be like him on the battlefield and in the gymnasium.Elsewhere, in Thebes, the Cult of Heracles was a religious group that was created which worshiped him as the divine protector of man. The cult constructed many shrines throughout the ancient world and even held festivals in his hon or every year (theoi. com). Later on, the Roman Empire completely idolized the champion they referred to as Hercules and showcased his popularity by crafting countless statues, temples and gardens in his name. In Pompeii, there are many such gardens that were built for him including the House of the Garden of Hercules (Jashemski).A mountain passage that led from Italy to Spain was even known to the Romans as â€Å"The Road of Hercules† (DeWitt). Beautiful architecture dedicated to Hercules can still be found throughout the world today, such as the Hercules Garden at the Blair Castle in Perthshire (Dingwall). As you can see, he is more than just a myth to these people; he is an influential cultural icon who they looked up to. As great a hero as he was, Hercules was not without flaw. He was also know to have an intense desire for women and wine and was prone to extreme fits of rage (Phillips).One myth which paints Hercules in a bad light comes from his childhood. As a boy, he m urders his musical tutor Linus with his own lyre for reprimanding him. In adulthood, he kills his wife Megara and their children while he was temporarily driven mad by Hera (ancientgreece. com). Though not perfect, I believe that it is this complexity of character that has fascinated audiences and allowed the Herculean myths to withstand the test of time so well. Another factor that I believe has played into the popularity of his myths is the contemporary obsession with â€Å"larger than life† heroes and the heroic ideal.Andrew Anderson, a Harvard professor of the Classics, explains that Hercules was the first representation of the â€Å"perfect hero† and may have been used as the model for later greats such as Achilles and Alexander the Great, who were both thought to have idolized Hercules. Myths of Hercules have captivated audiences and established themselves in popular culture since the days of ancient Greece. Flash forward to the present, and the Hercules name is trendier than ever. His stories are regularly depicted through the use of books, TV shows, comics, movies, plays, action figures and even video games.Though he hasn’t always been portrayed correctly in the lime light, these modern day representations are imperative to keeping his legend alive. In the last 50 years alone, he has been the inspiration for various works of art. In 1963, Hercules was shortly represented in the movie Jason and the Argonauts. He joined Jason and the crew of the Argo in search of the Golden Fleece but left the mission early for personal reasons, which is consistent with the actual myth of Jason and the Argonauts.In 1970 the movie Hercules in New York cast the perfect leading role in Arnold Schwarzenegger, who looked like a modern day version of our hero, but had little to do with actual mythology. The casting of Arnold Schwarzenegger as Hercules seemed especially valid because both have had such an impact on the ideals of physical fitness and the art of body building. It is said that famous body builder Eugene Sandow (1890’s), who is treated as a father of the early muscle building movement in America, was inspired to lift weights as a child after seeing a classic statue of Hercules (Wyke).Another facet of popular culture that showcases Hercules is the Marvel Comic Books. The Marvel version of Hercules was created in 1965 by Stan Lee as a super strong rival to Thor, who came from Norse mythology (comicvine. com). In the comic books he is commonly shown in his Lion skin cloak and holding his iconic wooden club. His typical super strength and courage are defining qualities in the comic book representation, as is his role as a womanizer. The Marvel comics also correctly portray his bouts with Atlas and the monster Typhon.One fairly recent portrayal of Hercules can be seen in the 1997 Disney movie, Hercules. The details of the movie don’t follow the mythology of Hercules perfectly, but it hits enough of the main point s to make for a passable story. For instance, from the beginning the film implies that Hera is the actual mother of Hercules, which we already know is untrue. In the movie, Hera is kind and compassionate towards Hercules, which contrasts sharply with the cold remorse she holds for him in most historic literature.Another discrepancy is the role of Megara in the movie, who was previously mentioned as Hercules’ first wife. In the movie, she is under the power of Hades and is trying to help make Hercules become a mortal. If they do not succeed, it is prophesized that Hercules will rise up and stop Hades and the Titans from taking over Mt. Olympus. Though the movie wasn’t always accurate, it did a great job of blending in other famous myths into the story. However, the film does correctly portray many aspects of the actual myths.The 12 Labors of Hercules, which may be the most popular literature based on our hero, is accurately portrayed in the movie in the correct order. S ome other examples include the reasoning behind Hercules’ semi-divinity, his godlike strength and courage, and his journey to the Underworld and conflict with Hades. The movie also properly states that Hercules will be the only mortal ever to join the gods on Mount Olympus upon his death, though in classic literature he dies on his own funeral pyre after being poisoned instead of drowning in the river Styx.The movie became a hit with children and is definitely responsible for increased interest in Greek and Roman myth with American youth. The success of the movie led to the creation of an animated cartoon series and even a videogame for the Playstation and PC. In the last decade, he has been represented in the popular video game franchise Kingdom Hearts, in which he is presented as he looks from the Disney movie. Even more recently he appears briefly in the book The Sea of Monsters, which is book number two in the ever popular Percy Jackson and the Olympians book series.Itâ⠂¬â„¢s interesting that these myths have had such a strong following for such a long period of time. From ancient Greece to present day, the legends of Hercules have fascinated countless generations of people and have withstood the â€Å"test of time† extremely well. Hercules is more than just a set of stories and myths; he is a world renowned pop-culture icon who will inspire more books, television and movies in the years to come. Sources Heracles and His Successors: A Study of a Heroic Ideal and the Recurrence of a Heroic Type Andrew Runni AndersonHarvard Studies in Classical Philology Vol. 39, (1928), pp. 7-58 Published by: Department of the Classics, Harvard University Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/310599 http://open. edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/greek-heroes-popular-culture-through-time? track=e02cce8d6b Rome and the â€Å"Road of Hercules† Norman J. DeWitt Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association Vol. 72, (1941), pp. 59- 69 Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/283041 The Hercules Garden at Blair Castle, PerthshireChristopher Dingwall Garden History Vol. 20, No. 2 (Autumn, 1992), pp. 153-172 Published by: The Garden History Society Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/1587041 â€Å"The Garden of Hercules at Pompeii† (II. viii. 6): The Discovery of a Commercial Flower Garden Wilhelmina F. Jashemski American Journal of Archaeology Vol. 83, No. 4 (Oct. , 1979), pp. 403-411 Published by: Archaeological Institute of America Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/504139 Heracles F. Carter Philips The Classical World Vol. 71, No. 7 (Apr. – May, 1978), pp. 431-440Published by: Classical Association of the Atlantic StatesStable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/4348926 Herculean Muscle! : The Classicizing Rhetoric of Bodybuilding Author(s): Maria Wyke Source: Arion, Third Series, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Winter, 1997), pp. 51-79 Published by: Trustees of Boston University Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/20163635 http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/herculean http://www. theoi. com/greek-mythology/heracles. html http://www. theoi. com/Cult/HeraklesCult. html http://www. ancientgreece. com/s/GreekMyths/Heracles/ http://www. comicvine. com/hercules/29-2503/

Joseph Marie Jacquard and the Jacquard Loom

Most people probably don’t think of weaving looms as a forerunner of computers. But thanks to French silk weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard, enhancements to automated weaving helped lead to the invention of computer punch cards and the advent of data processing. Jacquards Early Life Joseph Marie Jacquard was born in Lyon, France on the July 7th, 1752 to a master weaver and his wife. When Jacquard was 10 years old, his father died, and the boy inherited two looms, among other holdings. He went into business for himself and married a woman of some means. But his business failed and Jacquard was forced to become a limeburner at Bresse, while his wife supported herself at Lyon by plaiting straw.   In 1793, with the French Revolution well underway, Jacquard took part in the unsuccessful defense of Lyon against the troops of the Convention. Afterward, he served in their ranks on the Rhà ³ne and Loire. After seeing some active service, in which his young son was shot down at his side, Jacquard again returned to Lyon.   The Jacquard Loom Back in Lyon, Jacquard was employed in a factory and used his spare time in constructing his improved loom. In 1801, he exhibited his invention at the industrial exhibition at Paris, and in 1803 he was summoned to Paris to work for the Conservatoire des Arts et Mà ©tiers. A loom by Jacques de Vaucanson (1709—1782), deposited there, suggested various improvements in his own, which he gradually perfected to its final state. Joseph Marie Jacquards invention was an attachment that sat on top of a loom. A series of cards with holes punched in them would rotate through the device. Each hole in the card corresponded with a specific hook on the loom, which served as a command to raise or lower the hook. The position of the hook dictated the pattern of raised and lowered threads, allowing textiles to repeat complex patterns with great speed and precision. Controversy and Legacy The invention was fiercely opposed by the silk-weavers, who feared that its introduction, owing to the saving of labor, would deprive them of their livelihood. However, the looms  advantages secured its general adoption, and by 1812 there were 11,000 looms in use in France. The loom was declared public property in 1806, and Jacquard was rewarded with a pension and a royalty on each machine.   Joseph Marie Jacquard died at Oullins (Rhà ³ne) on the 7th of August 1834, and six years later a statue was erected in his honor  at Lyon.

How To Turn Essay Writing Into A Pleasant Experience

For most of us, essay writing is as painful as pulling off our fingernails†¦with an ice pick†¦while dancing a jig. However, it does not have to be. Yes, your professor (unsuccessfully) already tried everything. Give this foolproof method a try, you (and your cat) won’t be disappointed. 1. Be Spontaneous! Often we are our worst critics, which means that there is one important element missing from our writing. Pick up your favorite piece of writing and it is highly likely you will find it in there. Spontaneity is one difficult thing to fake. When writing your first draft, dial the settings of your internal essay editor to mute. If you stop to cringe at every mistake you make, you’ll never be spontaneous. The mark of a good piece of writing is that it flows smoothly. Revisit for nitpicking but for now, just let the spirit move you! 2. Act On It! A general design that will work for most essays goes something like this: State your topic be gentle and take your time to introduce it. Support it – now trot out facts and pieces of evidence in support of your topic. Rinse, Lather, Repeat – do #2 again. Get up close and personal – now give your personal opinion regarding the topic at hand. End It – summarize the first four steps to form a conclusion. This isn’t the design, it is a design. If it does not fit your essay, remodel until it does. If it does, why fix something that isn’t broken? Don’t Drag It Out! So the boy elf decided that he’d go join the war against the exceptionally evil warlock and once he had him under his control, he was going to end him and then he’d have pie†¦lots and lots of pie. Wait, who was going to get pie? The exceptionally evil warlock? Didn’t the elf want to kill him? Wasn’t he already dead? This is what a really long sentence does to the reader. Any reader, be it your teacher or your cat (more on that later), will be jarred by an extremely long sentence. Avoid long sentences like you would avoid the plague. They are the bane of smooth pieces of writing that take you along for the ride. Read Up On It! Read what you like because it is highly probable that is what you will love writing about. Pick up a book or an article by your favorite writer and re-read it, noticing how they write. Pay attention to sentence structure and the verbosity (the lack of it) and then model your writing after it. Reading various sources will also aid you in forming your arguments while addressing that topic in an essay. To Err Is To Be Human With Lower Grades! Now comes the hard part. Editing puts the fear of god in world famous best-selling authors. They would rather do anything than revisit their work and dissect it like they dissected frogs in the Biology lab. Even so, they do it. So man up (or woman up) and read your work with a critical eye. Once you are done with the second draft, give it a read-over to ensure no mistakes have escaped your eagle eyes. Done? Good, I will admit I had my doubts. Moving on! Let Me Hear You Say It! Yes, editing your work is important, yet when you continue to read the same piece of text for the umpteenth time, you’re bound to miss out on some errors. How do you rectify these seemingly invisible mistakes marring the perfection of your masterpiece? Simple, you let the computer (or your pet cat) read it back to you. The change in activity and tone — your cat is not going to mimic your inflection, would it? — will help you grasp some of the errors you would have missed otherwise. Challenge Yourself! Participate in challenges, like the NaNoWriMo. Not only will you get better at writing, regular practice will help you fall in love with the art that is writing. Do not let your newly acquired grasp at essay writing get rusty. Frequent use will polish off the rough edges.

Essay Globalizaton - 1257 Words

Globalization is a term that has become very popular in recent times. It is a concept with many differing definitions. Thomas L. Friedman, author of The Lexus and the Olive Tree, describes globalization as a movement that enables individuals, corporations, and countries to reach around the globe farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before. Globalization is the spread of free market capitalism to virtually every country in the world. Countries are encouraged to allow free trade, privatization and competition. Basically, it involves worldwide integration of both economic and political ideals. Globalization is becoming more popular and more accessible mainly because of the recent advancements in technology. Many believe it to be a†¦show more content†¦As more people in these less developed countries get more jobs, their countrys economy also improves. In India, the incidence of poverty measured by the official poverty line fell from 57% in 1973 to around 35% in 1998 an d in Indonesia it fell from 60% to 20% between 1985 and 1998 (World Bank, pg. 3). The improvement of the economy can bring about a rise in the standard of living. Infant mortality rates globally have been cut in half during 1970-1997, from 107 to 56 per thousand and life expectancy has risen from 55 years to 67 years (World Bank, pg.3). U.S. Speaker of the House, Newt Gingrich, stated, Theres clearly a rising general standard of living for everybody. That is, people overall are generally better off than they have ever been. Helping improve the standard of living and economy of lesser developed countries is important because the more money they have, the more they can spend on other goods, domestic and foreign. This is necessary because it helps improve the overall global economy. Another positive aspect of globalization stated by the World Trade Organization is that it can help keep international peace. This is done because the WTO helps trade to flow smoothly, and provides count ries with a constructive and fair outlet for dealing with the disputes over trade issues (www.wto.org). Helping to solve trade disputes can ease tension between countries, which could in some extreme casesShow MoreRelatedGlobalizatons and Cherokees673 Words   |  3 PagesGlobalization has caused extreme change on the Cherokee ways of life, institutions, customs and traditions. The Cherokee people are incorporating more and more of their past traditions in to their institutions way of life in a means of trying to preserve them in this every changing world. Once a culture of people that held high their beliefs and way of life was nearly an extinct culture after the European, and colonization forced these people out of their land. It is important to see look at theRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On Business Management Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesWithout Globalization Business management would not have been manageable today. Business management has benefited greatly from the gr owth of Technologies, Telecommunications and Transport. Web References http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-globalizaton-of-business-definition-impact-effects.html http:m.grin.com/document www.globalissues.org/issue/fairtrade www.en.m.wikipedia.org www.smallbusiness.chron.com www.scribd.com/ethical-issues-in-international-business. www.Alternalists.wordpressRead MoreA Brief Note On Canada s Labour Force2534 Words   |  11 Pagesthat a lot of the products that we buy are not made in Canada or United States but rather from other third world and developing countries such as India or China. The second aspect of econmic globalization is poltical power. 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The imports have increased from 19% to 29% between 1990 and 2004Read MoreEconomic of Globalization3767 Words   |  16 Pages Introduction 1.1 Overview Economic globalization  is the increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in  cross-border movement of goods, service, technology, and capital. Whereas  globalizaton  is centered around the rapid development of science and technology and increasing cross-border division of labor,  economic globalization is propelled by the rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive activities and marketization

Assistant Manager Free Essays

string(26) " important thing to them\." Education 2 72% University or above Geographic HECK Island , Central, TTS Commercial Areas Source The Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd Nielsen Media Index HECK Year-End Report 2012 Demographic According to the source from HACK Ltd and Nielsen Media Index HECK Year-End Report in 2012, 70% of readers fall into the age range between 30-49 years old. It means that the readers are used to read SCAMP English newspaper. They are loyal to SCAMP for personal reading interest or business insight. We will write a custom essay sample on Assistant Manager or any similar topic only for you Order Now For education background, 72% of readers has university graduate or above so that they are well-educated, repressions and in senior position. The readers are willing to pay the higher price to get quality news instead of free newspaper. The readers under 29 years or below is only 19% of the total market. Geographic: SCAMP circulates the print via channels like newspaper stores and convenient stores. Most of the circulation gain from HECK Island, Central, TTS other commercial areas. As ethnicity was 57% of Non-Chinese and 43% of Chinese, it reflects most of the readers are foreigners. Demographic Geographic are presenting the similar data which means the result would be more truthfully and specifically. Most SCAMP readers are of premium social status such as Managers, Executives and Professionals for self-use etc. For corporate customers, company size with over 50 staff or global firms, the subscription of SCAMP is a corporate image. They are frequent and loyal users regardless of the higher subscription price. Also schools, universities, Government, financial banking clients are the major consumers. Behavioral: SCAMP bases on different consumers’ desires to provide the following marketing plan. 0 Monday – Friday, corporate and stable readers, regularly Sunday – leisure day, less demand, no corporate Saturday is more popular for Job seekers for The Classified Post Company: At least one copy of SCAMP daily 2. 2 Targeting The target customers are divided into B to C (Business to Consumer) and B to B (Business to Business) models. B to C (Business to Consumer) For consumer market, readers are decision makers, Government officers, Coos, senior executives, scholars, professionals, university students, and Westerners. Their average income belongs to high income group (40% Monthly Household Income HECK $70,000 or above). They have high spending power. Job seekers who look for quality arrears ’employers and better salary offers will search the Jobs from Classified Post. The employers / recruitment agents who look for quality staff will place advertising on Classified Post to recruit their staff. Besides, the consumers look for news with highest creditability and they are very loyal to SCAMP. B to B (Business to Business) For corporate customers like multi-national companies, they are very loyal to SCAMP and purchase at least one print in the office on a daily basis for company image or quote SCAMP news as educational reference and or use published statistics in their business reports. For primary, secondary and university students, Education Bureau encourage students to subscribe SCAMP newspaper to pick up their reading hobby. Undeniably, SCAMP is the leader of HECK English newspaper. . 3 Positioning SCAMP mission is ‘As we move forward in these rapidly changing times, can be summed up in three words: Aspiration, Connection and Trust. Aspiration: We deliver value and quality to our customers by enhancing knowledge. Connection: We bridge Hong Kong, China and the rest of the world, and we actively engage in these communities. Trust: We will grow with the region as the tr usted littoral on China. Being market leader in English newspaper, SCAMP won 11 awards in 2013, the Top Prize of Society of Publishers in Asia Editorial Award 2013. SCAMP gained the 1st ranking of Highest Credibility in Hong Kong newspaper market according to the survey conducted by Center for Communication Research of Chinese University (2011). SCAMP is consistently striving to seek ways to retain its market leader position in English newspaper market since 1903 and keeping the high standard in newspaper contents with highest credibility so that its readers are very loyal to SCAMP. 3. Marketing Mix The marketing mix is a business tool used to execute the market strategy into practical business activity. Our team is study focus on newspaper business – South China Morning Post (SCAMP) – an English Newspaper, retail selling price is HECK$9 from Monday to Saturday; HECK$II for Sunday Morning Post. The most important value of the newspaper is Fair, Fact, Credibility, and Integrity; it is why SCAMP can be the market leader and long lasting Product is â€Å"the tangible or intangible goods or services and how it can satisfy consumer’s needs and wants†. Products have different life cycle, it will grow, mature and eventually decline and phrase out. Therefore, SCAMP has carried various product mix in order to extend the product line to secure the income and maintain the growth of the business. Apart from printed copy, it has added digital subscription from 2010 as Internet and Smartened become more common and popular. They have changed the reading habit of the whole world. Besides, mobile APS application has been added in 2012. Subscribers are Job seekers who expect to find quality Jobs from the newspapers. On the other hand, it attracts employers or recruitment/hiring agents to post the recruitment advertisement on the newspaper. It is an important platform for Job seekers, employers and recruitment agents. Pricing is â€Å"the process of setting a price for a product or discount. The price needs not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services. SCAMP is carrying premium pricing strategy. From circulation information, its target customers are well-educated and belong to the group of middle to high income. They are less sensitive (inelastic of demand) to commodity items like food and newspapers. Buying a newspaper at $9/$10 is not a concern to them. On contrast, Chinese newspaper segment is large and very sensitive to penny change on pricing, hush free newspaper is popular in the market Premium pricing also represents the reader’s prestigious status and quality. High credibility is the most important thing to them. You read "Assistant Manager" in category "Papers" Apart from newspaper revenue, advertisement is one of the major income streams in SCAMP. It also charges the customers higher advertising price for posting recruitment advertisement if comparing to Recruit, Jobs. It tells the customers that its readers possess good quality when they are looking for their companies. If the customers want to recruit people with high quality and capability, SCAMP is the only choice. Place (or distribution): â€Å"It is how to deliver the goods or service to the customer. † For printed newspaper, Scamps retailing channels will be news stand or convenient store e. G. 7-11 . In HECK, TTS, Central and HECK Island, due to business and commercial centers are gathered with numerous westerners coming from different countries. Hence, the circulation of printed copy in these districts is the most. For digital subscription, it is via internet or mobile app. Promotion: â€Å"It includes various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company including advertising, sales promotion, publicity, PR, direct marketing, digital arresting, sponsorship, personal selling. † Despite SCAMP is a media, it also needs to promote its business. Apart from putting advertisement on its own newspaper and website, SCAMP needs to promote its product via different channels. Loyalty discount to customer: Offer discount to loyalty readers, employers and recruitment agents who has subscribed its newspaper for a long period of time. SCAMP wins numerous Good Word-of-Mouth in this industry. It wins 11 awards gets the highest ranking in credibility in the HECK newspaper. E. G. Edward Snowmen fair selected SCAMP; it has shown its newspaper has high integrity to the public. It also Joins Job Exhibition Fair, Trade Fair, and Seminar to broaden its exposure to the public. 4. Customer Relationship Management Firstly, as mobile is the single fastest growing source of digital traffic, SCAMP continue to its existing digital offerings with new products such as SCAMP News Pulse, new phone app to enhance the relations with the customers, especially among younger generation. Secondly, if the customers have subscribed to the members of Classified Post, they can search their Jobs according to their requirements. The Classified Post (â€Å"CUP’) will keep customer’s C.V. and personal information in a highly secured way. Then, CUP provides Job Alert e-newsletter and course/self-enhancement information to subscribers’ emails based on subscribers, particular information. This would create a strong bonding relationship between SCAMP and its readers. 5. Market Analysis 5. Circulation Source The Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd Cover price for SCAMP increased by $1 to $9 since January this year. The online subscription fee for scamp. Com has also increased in late June 2013. 2013-2015 According to the source from the Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations Ltd, the daily circulation of SCAMP is around 100,860 to 107,629 from 2009 to the first half of 013. The daily circulation is very stable within this period. But the circulation m ix was changed once digital version was launched in the first half of 2010. In 2009, the daily circulation was solely print version. Once digital version was launched, it commenced to grow from 3363 in the 1st half of 2010 to 18,149 in the 1st half of 2013. The growth rate of circulation in digital version is 6 times in 3 years. There was a slight drop from 100,860 to 88,776 for print version from 2010 to 2013. This implies the fast growing popularity of phone affect the habit of readers and there is growing rend in digital version in the future. Michael Porter’s 5 forces 1. Bargaining Power of Paper Suppliers – Due to the cost of paper material increases, the paper suppliers will transfer the incremental cost to SCAMP. It is under great pressure to increase the price of the newspaper print. 2. Bargaining Power of Customers – Customers have little switching cost to read other newspapers. Besides, free digital version is offered by HECK Standard. 3. Threat of New Entrants – There are many English newspapers emerging in HECK market like China Daily and Wall Street Institute which provide free newspapers at some selected estates. . Threat of Substitute Products – Due to growing popularity of phone, the customers have been changing their habits of reading newspapers. Digital version or mobile APS to access the updated newspapers create tremendous treat to the traditional newspaper industry. 5. Competitive Rivalry Within An Industry – The major competitors, HECK Standard is aggressively offering 200,000 free tabloid newspapers distributed in different districts on a daily basis as well as providing free digital version to their readers. Competitor Analysis The Standard is doing the same as SCAMP to provide English newspaper print, digital erosion and Job searching function. The Standard has changed to a free newspaper since September 2007. On the other hand, it provides different levels of subscription discounts, which include digital subscription only and print plus digital version subscription. It also offers corporate digital subscription which allows multi-reader access to the digital version. The subscriptions allow readers to access their online and tablet content unlimitedly. We have made a comparison table between SCAMP and The Standard so that we can have more understanding of the keen competition in the newspaper industry. Comparison of SCAMP and The Standard SCAMP The standard price $9 Free (1st free newspaper since 2007) Digital Version Yes Yes Daily circulation Format Black white, standard size Full-color, Tabloid Functions Archive news up to 10 years Archive news up to 1 year *HACK Audit July-DCE 2012 ** â€Å"The Standard† official website Strength Diversified information SCAMP has published diversified information. It includes the information of current issues, information of sports, property, finance, lifestyle. Also, it encloses Classified Post for Job seekers; Young Post and Education Post for student subscribers. Market leader There are not much English newspapers being published in Hong Kong. The major competitor is The Standard. The competition is not keen. Thus, SCAMP is the market leader among English newspapers. Sustained demand SCAMP targets high-educated customers. Usually, they earn more, they can afford more. Also, those NC corporations, universities and foreign residents all have regular subscriptions. There is sustainable demand. Weakness Increased staff production cost Source: SCAMP Group 2013 Interim report – Extract of Income statement Staff and production costs have increased for about HECK$48. Million and HECK$3. Lion respectively. It is mainly due to the increase in headcount and SCAMP Group has included the production of ELL on 2013. It decreases the net profit. Less popular in HECK It costs HECK$9, which is the most expensive newspaper in Hong Kong. Also, it’s bulky in size. It’s inconvenient for readers to carry it around. Moreover, it cannot satisfy those non-Engl ish readers. It cannot become a popular newspaper in Hong Kong. Subscription for unlimited digital access If readers want to have unlimited access on digital access, they are obliged to subscribe by money. However, other Hong Kong newspapers, including The Standard, are free of charge on digital version. It may hinder the increase of digital readers as they may prefer choosing free information. Shares have been suspended trading Its shares have been suspended trading in HECK stock market since 26 February 2013. SCAMP is a listed company in Hong Kong, however, its percentage of public float confidence on the investment and the public image of SCAMP has been affected. Opportunity Increases on demand Source: HECK Census and Statistics Department (â€Å"HACKS†) website – Population statistics Source: HECK Census and Statistics Department (â€Å"HACKS†) website – Foreign companies The above statistics has shown that HECK population has kept rising since mid of 2010 to 7,KICK in the mid of 2013. It has also shown that the number of foreign companies setting up local offices in HECK has increased. There is an opportunity for SCAMP to acquire more readers from the growth of population and foreign corporations. Hong Kong Government has promoted post-secondary education since the past decade. The below 2 tables have shown that there has been an increasing trend for people had Post-secondary education nowadays: The demand of English-language newspaper has been increasing with the rising umber of high educated people. Expand new market It can expand new market by the advancement of technology on digital version, for example â€Å"Southern China† as there has been an economic growth in China in the recent years. Threats Keener advertisement added competition The Government has increased 2 new free licensed TV. The advertisement companies have 2 more advertising channels, so there would be keener competition. Decreasing newspaper revenue Source: SCAMP Group 2013 Interim report Revenue from newspaper has been decreased for near HECK$5 million for the 2 interim periods. It indicates less people are willing to buy newspaper. How to cite Assistant Manager, Papers

Homeopathy Essay Example For Students

Homeopathy Essay I am familiar with Homeopathy because my mother is a homeopath. She has been studying and practicing homeopathy for over 20 years. I have been cured many times by homeopathic remedies prescribed by my mom. From colds to first aid homeopathy has worked for me. The sources I used in doing this report were: Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, Interview with my Mom, Conventional, Homeopathic Alternative Treatments: Sports Exercise Injuries by Steven Subotnick, Family Guide to Natural Medicine by Readers Digest, and Homeopathic First Aider by Barbara Reed. Samuel Hahneman, a German physician and chemist developed homeopathy in the early 19th century. The word Homeopathy comes form the Greek words, homoios and pathos meaning similar sickness. Homeopathy is an alternative medical practice, which uses very small amounts of plant, animal, and mineral matter to make remedies for treatment of people, animals, plants, and soil. It is used for almost any problem including, first aid, acute illnesses, chronic conditions, and promotion of overall health. Homeopathy is based on three principles: the law of similars, the single medicine, and the law of infinitesimals. The 1st Principle is the law of similars is based on the concept like cures like. This concept states that a substance that causes symptoms in a healthy person, will, in specially prepared tiny amounts, cure a sick person who has similar or the same symptoms. Remedies aid the body in healing by stimulating the bodys Vital Force to heal itself. For example, in a bee sting the virus of the bee creates burning, stinging, and swelling. The remedy for such a sting would be Apis a bee virus, because the virus causes similar symptoms. The 2nd Principle is the single medicine. This means that one remedy will cover all the physical, mental, and emotional symptoms the patient is suffering. The 3rd Principle is the law of infinitesimals. This means that if large amounts of the prescribed substances were used, negative side effects will occur. If very small amounts of the substances are used it is more potent and has a longer effectiveness. Homeopathy treats the patient not the disease. Conventional medicines treat symptoms. The main concept of homeopathy is that remedies are to help the body to heal itself. A homeopath refers to the Materia Medica when choosing the right remedies for their patients. The Materia Medica is a listing of homeopathic remedies with descriptions of what kind of symptoms they aid as well as other similar remedies. There have been many ways that homeopathy has been proven. There is empirical proof from the use of remedies for over 200 years in the Materia Medica. Clinical and laboratory studies have shown the effects of homeopathic remedies on living systems. Lastly, new scientific theories about the nature of energy and matter support the principles of homeopathy. In studying the effectiveness of remedies the testers use blind tests and double blind tests. In these tests placebos are used. A placebo is an inactive substances used to a void bias in testing drugs. In blind testing the patients dont know if they are taking the remedy or the placebo. In double blind testing the test result observers also dont know who has taken the placebos. In double blind tests, homeopathic remedies have proved to be useful in many health problems like, allergies, mustard gas burns, and arthritis. There are hundreds of remedies in the Materia Medica. Here are ten common first aid remedies and what symptoms they help aid:Arnica- bruises and sprains. Belladonna- insect bites, pulsations in neck, pupils are contracted or dilated, headaches, earaches, and teething. Calenduala- clean cuts, incised wounds, and bleeding. .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6 , .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6 .postImageUrl , .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6 , .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6:hover , .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6:visited , .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6:active { border:0!important; } .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6:active , .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6 .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf12dd77da0c6456e2bb11d1b5ef62cb6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Canevin Theater EssayHepar Sulph- coughs and colds, hoarseness, abscesses, boils, and aggravation by dry, cold air. Hypericum- lacerations, crushed fingers, and used for injured nerves. Ledum- puncture wounds, black eyes, bruises, and swelling. Nux Vomica- diarrhea, indigestion, constipation, and overindulgence in food. Rhus Tox- sprains, strains, itchy skin, poison oak, and sore muscles. Ruta- strained tendons and deposits around joints. Urtica Urens- burns, scalds, itching, and chicken pox. BibliographyN/A